Vol. 5 No. 02 (2024)
Articles

Recycling Plastic Waste into Eco-Friendly Concrete: A State of the Art Review

PDF
  • Kawa A. Ahmed,
  • Amad Nori Abdulqudos
Kawa A. Ahmed
University of Zakho
Amad Nori Abdulqudos
Duhok polytechnic University
DOI: https://doi.org/10.38094/jocef50298

Published 2024-12-11

Keywords

  • Plastic,
  • Waste,
  • Building,
  • Recycling,
  • Management,
  • Contamination
    • ...More
    Less

How to Cite

[1]
K. A. Ahmed and A. N. . Abdulqudos, “Recycling Plastic Waste into Eco-Friendly Concrete: A State of the Art Review”, JoCEF, vol. 5, no. 02, pp. 63-78, Dec. 2024.

Copyright (c) 2024

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

Abstract

The world plastic waste crisis and the tremendous environmental impacts of concrete production using traditional methods require waste management and building practices to be innovative marriages. This review critically examines the recovery of plastic waste in concrete, concentrating on its twin potential to help stem plastic contamination and build the construction industry lower in carbon emissions. The method utilizes many different forms of waste plastics, including Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), to produce a concrete mixture that brings great environmental benefits: It can keep plastic out of landfills and our oceans, and it reduces the greenhouse gases released during cement production. The review examines advances in the development of plastic-modified concrete: These improvements include enhanced mechanical properties such as increased durability, thermal insulation, and lower material density. It also examines environmental trade-offs including potential long-term effects and problems in recycling plastic-enhanced concrete. In addition, the paper identifies technical hurdles such as maintaining material strength and workability; it concludes with regulatory obstacles to the large-scale adoption of plastic-enhanced concrete. The paper uses a detailed analysis of case studies and actual practices to examine the practical feasibility of this new material in a variety of construction contexts. It ends with strategic recommendations for future research and policy development, stressing the need to establish regulations and standard frameworks to encourage the use of plastic-enhanced concrete. Ultimately, this review advocates for the larger acceptance of plastic-laden concrete as one piece in the puzzle of sustainable construction: one way to tackle a spiraling global plastic waste crisis that also meets broader environmental goals.

PDF

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

  1. Smith, O. and A. Brisman, Plastic waste and the environmental crisis industry. Critical Criminology, 2021. 29: p. 289-309.
  2. Zhang, F., et al., Current technologies for plastic waste treatment: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021. 282: p. 124523.
  3. Lebreton, L. and A. Andrady, Future scenarios of global plastic waste generation and disposal. Palgrave Communications, 2019. 5(1): p. 1-11.
  4. Dey, S., et al., Degradation of plastics waste and its effects on biological ecosystems: A scientific analysis and comprehensive review. Biomedical Materials & Devices, 2024. 2(1): p. 70-112.
  5. Almeshal, I., et al., Use of recycled plastic as fine aggregate in cementitious composites: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 2020. 253: p. 119146.
  6. Browning, S., B. Beymer-Farris, and J.R. Seay, Addressing the challenges associated with plastic waste disposal and management in developing countries. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, 2021. 32: p. 100682.
  7. Mihai, F.-C., et al., Plastic pollution, waste management issues, and circular economy opportunities in rural communities. Sustainability, 2021. 14(1): p. 20.
  8. Meng, F., et al., Critical review of the energy-water-carbon nexus in cities. Energy, 2019. 171: p. 1017-1032.
  9. Ahmed, K. and K.M. Yousif, An investigation of the use of plastic waste as aggregate in concrete. Journal of Civil Engineering Frontiers, 2022. 3(02): p. 79-85.
  10. Adesina, A., Recent advances in the concrete industry to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions. Environmental Challenges, 2020. 1: p. 100004.
  11. Belmokaddem, M., et al., Mechanical and physical properties and morphology of concrete containing plastic waste as aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 2020. 257: p. 119559.
  12. Akhtar, A. and A.K. Sarmah, Construction and demolition waste generation and properties of recycled aggregate concrete: A global perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018. 186: p. 262-281.
  13. Zhao, J.R., et al., A mini-review on building insulation materials from perspective of plastic pollution: Current issues and natural fibres as a possible solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022. 438: p. 129449.
  14. Evode, N., et al., Plastic waste and its management strategies for environmental sustainability. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 2021. 4: p. 100142.
  15. Dar, M.A., et al., Ecotoxic Effects of the plastic waste on marine fauna: An overview. Impact of plastic waste on the marine biota, 2022: p. 287-300.
  16. Peng, L., et al., Micro-and nano-plastics in marine environment: Source, distribution and threats—A review. Science of the total environment, 2020. 698: p. 134254.
  17. Al Mamun, A., et al., Microplastics in human food chains: Food becoming a threat to health safety. Science of The Total Environment, 2023. 858: p. 159834.
  18. Vital, S., et al., Do microplastic contaminated seafood consumption pose a potential risk to human health? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2021. 171: p. 112769.
  19. Liu, L., et al., On the degradation of (micro) plastics: Degradation methods, influencing factors, environmental impacts. Science of the total environment, 2022. 806: p. 151312.
  20. Shen, M., et al., (Micro) plastic crisis: un-ignorable contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020. 254: p. 120138.
  21. Gabisa, E.W., C. Ratanatamskul, and S.H. Gheewala, Recycling of plastics as a strategy to reduce life cycle GHG emission, microplastics and resource depletion. Sustainability, 2023. 15(15): p. 11529.
  22. Blair, J. and S. Mataraarachchi, A review of landfills, waste and the nearly forgotten nexus with climate change. Environments, 2021. 8(8): p. 73.
  23. Verma, R., et al., Toxic pollutants from plastic waste-a review. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2016. 35: p. 701-708.
  24. Bharadwaaj, S.K., et al., Exploring Cutting-Edge Approaches in Plastic Recycling for a Greener Future. Results in Engineering, 2024: p. 102704.
  25. Khoaele, K.K., et al., The devastation of waste plastic on the environment and remediation processes: a Critical Review. Sustainability, 2023. 15(6): p. 5233.
  26. Zalasiewicz, J., S. Gabbott, and C.N. Waters. Plastic waste: How plastics have become part of the Earth's geological cycle. in Waste. 2019. Elsevier.
  27. Du, M., et al., Quantification of methane emissions from municipal solid waste landfills in China during the past decade. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017. 78: p. 272-279.
  28. Al-Salem, S., Energy production from plastic solid waste (PSW), in Plastics to energy. 2019, Elsevier. p. 45-64.
  29. Devasahayam, S., Opportunities for simultaneous energy/materials conversion of carbon dioxide and plastics in metallurgical processes. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2019. 22: p. e00119.
  30. Siddique, R., J. Khatib, and I. Kaur, Use of recycled plastic in concrete: A review. Waste management, 2008. 28(10): p. 1835-1852.
  31. Ramirez, A. and B. George, Plastic recycling and waste reduction in the hospitality industry: Current challenges and some potential solutions. Economics, Management and Sustainability, 2019. 4(1): p. 6-20.
  32. d’Ambrières, W., Plastics recycling worldwide: current overview and desirable changes. Field Actions Science Reports. The journal of field actions, 2019(Special Issue 19): p. 12-21.
  33. Bing, X., et al., Research challenges in municipal solid waste logistics management. Waste management, 2016. 48: p. 584-592.
  34. Sandanayake, M.S., Environmental impacts of construction in building industry—A review of knowledge advances, gaps and future directions. Knowledge, 2022. 2(1): p. 139-156.
  35. Lima, L., et al., Sustainability in the construction industry: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021. 289: p. 125730.
  36. TANASH, A.O.A.A.R. and K. Muthusamy, Concrete industry, environment issue, and green concrete: a review. Construction, 2022. 2(1): p. 01-09.
  37. McDonald, L.J., et al., The physicochemical properties of Portland cement blended with calcium carbonate with different morphologies as a supplementary cementitious material. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022. 338: p. 130309.
  38. Arqam, A., S. Ahmad, and A. Hanif, Wastewater utilization for concrete production: Prospects, challenges, and opportunities. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023: p. 108078.
  39. Marinkovi?, S., V. Carevi?, and J. Dragaš, The role of service life in Life Cycle Assessment of concrete structures. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021. 290: p. 125610.
  40. Ahmed Ali, K., M.I. Ahmad, and Y. Yusup, Issues, impacts, and mitigations of carbon dioxide emissions in the building sector. Sustainability, 2020. 12(18): p. 7427.
  41. Korra, C., Navigating the Environmental Footprint: Pathways to a Circular Economy. International Journal of Research Radicals in Multidisciplinary Fields, ISSN: 2960-043X, 2022. 1(2): p. 83-92.
  42. Calkins, M., Materials for sustainable sites: a complete guide to the evaluation, selection, and use of sustainable construction materials. 2008: John wiley & sons.
  43. Sangmesh, B., et al., Development of sustainable alternative materials for the construction of green buildings using agricultural residues: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 2023. 368: p. 130457.
  44. Tazmeen, T. and F.Q. Mir, Sustainability through materials: A review of green options in construction. Results in Surfaces and Interfaces, 2024: p. 100206.
  45. Alqahtani, F.K., M.A. Sherif, and A.M. Ghanem, Green lightweight concrete utilizing sustainable processed recycled plastic aggregates: Technical, economic and environmental assessment. Construction and Building Materials, 2023. 393: p. 132027.
  46. Allen, E. and J. Iano, Fundamentals of building construction: materials and methods. 2019: John Wiley & Sons.
  47. Ortiz, O., F. Castells, and G. Sonnemann, Sustainability in the construction industry: A review of recent developments based on LCA. Construction and building materials, 2009. 23(1): p. 28-39.
  48. Imbabi, M.S., C. Carrigan, and S. McKenna, Trends and developments in green cement and concrete technology. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 2012. 1(2): p. 194-216.
  49. Murtagh, N., L. Scott, and J. Fan, Sustainable and resilient construction: Current status and future challenges. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020. 268: p. 122264.
  50. Akadiri, P.O., E.A. Chinyio, and P.O. Olomolaiye, Design of a sustainable building: A conceptual framework for implementing sustainability in the building sector. Buildings, 2012. 2(2): p. 126-152.
  51. Hamada, H.M., et al., Enhancing sustainability in concrete construction: A comprehensive review of plastic waste as an aggregate material. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2024. 40: p. e00877.
  52. Singh, N. and R. Demirsöz, Recycling of traditional plastics: PP, PS, PVC, PET, HDPE, and LDPE, and their blends and composites, in Nanomaterials in Manufacturing Processes. 2022, CRC Press. p. 235-258.
  53. Lazorenko, G., A. Kasprzhitskii, and E.H. Fini, Sustainable construction via novel geopolymer composites incorporating waste plastic of different sizes and shapes. Construction and Building Materials, 2022. 324: p. 126697.
  54. Blanco, Y.D., et al., Effect of recycled PET (polyethylene terephthalate) on the electrochemical properties of rebar in concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 2020. 18: p. 487-500.
  55. Bonifazi, G., G. Capobianco, and S. Serranti, A hierarchical classification approach for recognition of low-density (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in mixed plastic waste based on short-wave infrared (SWIR) hyperspectral imaging. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2018. 198: p. 115-122.
  56. Sogancioglu, M., E. Yel, and G. Ahmetli, Pyrolysis of waste high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) plastics and production of epoxy composites with their pyrolysis chars. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017. 165: p. 369-381.
  57. Riahinezhad, M., M. Hallman, and J. Masson, Critical review of polymeric building envelope materials: degradation, durability and service life prediction. Buildings, 2021. 11(7): p. 299.
  58. Capricho, J.C., et al., Upcycling polystyrene. Polymers, 2022. 14(22): p. 5010.
  59. Milling, A., A. Mwasha, and H. Martin, Exploring the full replacement of cement with expanded polystyrene (EPS) waste in mortars used for masonry construction. Construction and Building Materials, 2020. 253: p. 119158.
  60. El-Mir, A., et al., Multi-response optimization of semi-lightweight concrete incorporating expanded polystyrene beads. Sustainability, 2023. 15(11): p. 8757.
  61. Dixit, A., et al., Lightweight structural cement composites with expanded polystyrene (EPS) for enhanced thermal insulation. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2019. 102: p. 185-197.
  62. Bhagat, G.V. and P.P. Savoikar, Durability related properties of cement composites containing thermoplastic aggregates–A review. Journal of Building Engineering, 2022. 53: p. 104565.
  63. Safi, B., et al., The use of plastic waste as fine aggregate in the self-compacting mortars: Effect on physical and mechanical properties. Construction and Building Materials, 2013. 43: p. 436-442.
  64. Gu, L. and T. Ozbakkaloglu, Use of recycled plastics in concrete: A critical review. Waste Management, 2016. 51: p. 19-42.
  65. Rostami, R., et al., A review on performance of polyester fibers in alkaline and cementitious composites environments. Construction and Building Materials, 2020. 241: p. 117998.
  66. Peši?, N., et al., Mechanical properties of concrete reinforced with recycled HDPE plastic fibres. Construction and building materials, 2016. 115: p. 362-370.
  67. Yin, S., et al., Use of macro plastic fibres in concrete: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 2015. 93: p. 180-188.
  68. Rupasinghe, M., et al., Investigation of strength and hydration characteristics in nano-silica incorporated cement paste. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2017. 80: p. 17-30.
  69. Jaivignesh, B. and A. Sofi. Study on mechanical properties of concrete using plastic waste as an aggregate. in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2017. IOP Publishing.
  70. Raut, A., Dhengare, S. W., Dandge, A. L., & Nikhade, H. R., Utilization of Waste Plastic Materials in Road Construction. Journal of Advance Research in Mechanical & Civil Engineering, 2016. 3(3): p. 01-09.
  71. Andrew keys, C.a.d.g. Bicycle path made from plastic in Zwolle, the Netherlands. 2020 Oct 01, 2020]; Available from: https://knowledge-hub.circle-economy.com/article/3872?n=Bicycle-path-made-from-plastic-in-Zwolle%2C-the-Netherlands.
  72. Saradara, S.M., et al., On the path towards sustainable construction—the case of the United Arab Emirates: a review. Sustainability, 2023. 15(19): p. 14652.
  73. Priastiwi, Y.A., Structural analysis using three-component acceleration time histories caused by shallow crustal fault earthquakes with a maximum magnitude of 7 Mw.
  74. Prasittisopin, L., P. Termkhajornkit, and Y.H. Kim, Review of concrete with expanded polystyrene (EPS): Performance and environmental aspects. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022. 366: p. 132919.
  75. Chen, H., C.L. Chow, and D. Lau, Developing green and sustainable concrete in integrating with different urban wastes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022. 368: p. 133057.
  76. Sau, D., A. Shiuly, and T. Hazra, Utilization of plastic waste as replacement of natural aggregates in sustainable concrete: Effects on mechanical and durability properties. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2024. 21(2): p. 2085-2120.
  77. da Silva, T.R., et al., Application of plastic wastes in construction materials: A review using the concept of life-cycle assessment in the context of recent research for future perspectives. Materials, 2021. 14(13): p. 3549.
  78. Monteiro, H., B. Moura, and N. Soares, Advancements in nano-enabled cement and concrete: Innovative properties and environmental implications. Journal of Building Engineering, 2022. 56: p. 104736.
  79. Alyousef, R., et al., Potential use of recycled plastic and rubber aggregate in cementitious materials for sustainable construction: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021. 329: p. 129736.
  80. Soni, A., et al., Challenges and opportunities of utilizing municipal solid waste as alternative building materials for sustainable development goals: A review. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 2022. 27: p. 100706.
  81. Kumar, R., et al., Impacts of plastic pollution on ecosystem services, sustainable development goals, and need to focus on circular economy and policy interventions. Sustainability, 2021. 13(17): p. 9963.
  82. Worlanyo, A.S. and L. Jiangfeng, Evaluating the environmental and economic impact of mining for post-mined land restoration and land-use: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 2021. 279: p. 111623.
  83. Khaleel, Y.U., et al., Reinventing concrete: a comprehensive review of mechanical strength with recycled plastic waste integration. Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, 2024. 9(2): p. 111.
  84. De la Colina Martínez, A.L. and D.J. Delgado Hernández, Circular Cement Decarbonisation: Towards a Net-Zero Built Environment, in Environmental Engineering and Waste Management: Recent Trends and Perspectives. 2024, Springer. p. 269-296.
  85. Barnat-Hunek, D., J. Góra, and M.K. Widomski, Durability of hydrophobic/icephobic coatings in protection of lightweight concrete with waste aggregate. Materials, 2020. 14(1): p. 101.
  86. Minde, P., et al., Comprehensive review on the use of plastic waste in sustainable concrete construction. Discover Materials, 2024. 4(1): p. 58.
  87. Sharma, H.B., et al., Circular economy approach in solid waste management system to achieve UN-SDGs: Solutions for post-COVID recovery. Science of the Total Environment, 2021. 800: p. 149605.
  88. Jacquemin, L., P.-Y. Pontalier, and C. Sablayrolles, Life cycle assessment (LCA) applied to the process industry: a review. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2012. 17: p. 1028-1041.
  89. Farfan, J., M. Fasihi, and C. Breyer, Trends in the global cement industry and opportunities for long-term sustainable CCU potential for Power-to-X. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019. 217: p. 821-835.
  90. Akbar, A. and K. Liew, Assessing recycling potential of carbon fiber reinforced plastic waste in production of eco-efficient cement-based materials. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020. 274: p. 123001.
  91. Almohana, A.I., et al., Producing sustainable concrete with plastic waste: A review. Environmental Challenges, 2022. 9: p. 100626.
  92. Guðmundsdóttir, G.F., Plastic waste in road construction in Iceland: an environmental assessment. DOI: https://www. vegagerdin. is/vefur2. nsf/e02ba28 87015e3fd0025771b005580a4/1f18cdc35c7f148b0 02583cc002fe8f2/$ FILE/-Plaast% C3% BArgangur, 2018. 20.
  93. Rajmohan, K.V.S., et al., Plastic pollutants: effective waste management for pollution control and abatement. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 2019. 12: p. 72-84.
  94. Gartner, E. and H. Hirao, A review of alternative approaches to the reduction of CO2 emissions associated with the manufacture of the binder phase in concrete. Cement and Concrete research, 2015. 78: p. 126-142.
  95. Benhelal, E., et al., Global strategies and potentials to curb CO2 emissions in cement industry. Journal of cleaner production, 2013. 51: p. 142-161.
  96. Avudaiappan, S., et al., Innovative use of single-use face mask fibers for the production of a sustainable cement mortar. Journal of Composites Science, 2023. 7(6): p. 214.
  97. Kirthika, S., S. Singh, and A. Chourasia, Alternative fine aggregates in production of sustainable concrete-A review. Journal of cleaner production, 2020. 268: p. 122089.
  98. Chauhan, V., T. Kärki, and J. Varis, Review of natural fiber-reinforced engineering plastic composites, their applications in the transportation sector and processing techniques. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 2022. 35(8): p. 1169-1209.
  99. Schaefer, C.E., et al., Irradiated recycled plastic as a concrete additive for improved chemo-mechanical properties and lower carbon footprint. Waste management, 2018. 71: p. 426-439.
  100. Giesekam, J., J.R. Barrett, and P. Taylor, Construction sector views on low carbon building materials. Building research & information, 2016. 44(4): p. 423-444.
  101. Macheca, A.D., et al., Perspectives on plastic waste management: challenges and possible solutions to ensure its sustainable use. Recycling, 2024. 9(5): p. 77.
  102. Sridharan, S., et al., Microplastics as an emerging source of particulate air pollution: A critical review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021. 418: p. 126245.
  103. Hameed, A.M. and B.A.F. Ahmed, Employment the plastic waste to produce the light weight concrete. Energy Procedia, 2019. 157: p. 30-38.
  104. Elsamahy, T., et al., Strategies for efficient management of microplastics to achieve life cycle assessment and circular economy. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2023. 195(11): p. 1361.
  105. Andrady, A., K. Pandey, and A. Heikkilä, Interactive effects of solar UV radiation and climate change on material damage. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 2019. 18(3): p. 804-825.
  106. Waldschläger, K., et al., The way of microplastic through the environment–Application of the source-pathway-receptor model. Science of the Total Environment, 2020. 713: p. 136584.
  107. Ebner, N. and E. Iacovidou, The challenges of Covid-19 pandemic on improving plastic waste recycling rates. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 2021. 28: p. 726-735.
  108. Huang, S., et al., Plastic waste management strategies and their environmental aspects: A scientometric analysis and comprehensive review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022. 19(8): p. 4556.
  109. Ahmad, J. and Z. Zhou, Mechanical properties of natural as well as synthetic fiber reinforced concrete: a review. Construction and Building Materials, 2022. 333: p. 127353.
  110. Tang, S.W., et al., Recent durability studies on concrete structure. Cement and Concrete Research, 2015. 78: p. 143-154.
  111. Pilapitiya, P.N.T. and A.S. Ratnayake, The world of plastic waste: a review. Cleaner Materials, 2024: p. 100220.
  112. Panda, A.K., R.K. Singh, and D. Mishra, Thermolysis of waste plastics to liquid fuel: A suitable method for plastic waste management and manufacture of value added products—A world prospective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010. 14(1): p. 233-248.
  113. Ragaert, K., L. Delva, and K. Van Geem, Mechanical and chemical recycling of solid plastic waste. Waste management, 2017. 69: p. 24-58.
  114. Shamsuyeva, M. and H.-J. Endres, Plastics in the context of the circular economy and sustainable plastics recycling: Comprehensive review on research development, standardization and market. Composites Part C: open access, 2021. 6: p. 100168.
  115. Sandanayake, M., et al., Current sustainable trends of using waste materials in concrete—a decade review. Sustainability, 2020. 12(22): p. 9622.
  116. Babafemi, A.J., et al., Engineering properties of concrete with waste recycled plastic: A review. Sustainability, 2018. 10(11): p. 3875.
  117. Lim, S.M., et al., Recyclability potential of waste plastic-modified asphalt concrete with consideration to its environmental impact. Construction and Building Materials, 2024. 439: p. 137299.
  118. Prasittisopin, L., W. Ferdous, and V. Kamchoom, Microplastics in construction and built environment. Developments in the Built Environment, 2023. 15: p. 100188.
  119. Chen, L., et al., Biomaterials technology and policies in the building sector: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2024. 22(2): p. 715-750.
  120. Merli, R., et al., Recycled fibers in reinforced concrete: A systematic literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020. 248: p. 119207.
  121. Kumar, D. and C. Zhang, Carbon emission reduction in construction industry: qualitative insights on procurement, policies and artificial intelligence. Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 2024.
  122. Sood, S.K. and G.R. Vesmawala, An overview of recent advances in fracture performance of nano engineered cement composites. Construction and Building Materials, 2024. 431: p. 136489.
  123. Zhang, W., et al., Self-healing cement concrete composites for resilient infrastructures: A review. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2020. 189: p. 107892.
  124. De Belie, N., et al., A review of self?healing concrete for damage management of structures. Advanced materials interfaces, 2018. 5(17): p. 1800074.
  125. Hasanbeigi, A., L. Price, and E. Lin, Emerging energy-efficiency and CO2 emission-reduction technologies for cement and concrete production: A technical review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012. 16(8): p. 6220-6238.
  126. De Schutter, G., et al., Vision of 3D printing with concrete—Technical, economic and environmental potentials. Cement and Concrete Research, 2018. 112: p. 25-36.
  127. Maraveas, C., Production of sustainable and biodegradable polymers from agricultural waste. Polymers, 2020. 12(5): p. 1127.
  128. TG, Y.G., et al., Biopolymer-based composites: an eco-friendly alternative from agricultural waste biomass. Journal of Composites Science, 2023. 7(6): p. 242.
  129. Li, L., et al., Converting waste plastics into construction applications: A business perspective. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2022. 96: p. 106814.
  130. Bhubalan, K., et al., Leveraging blockchain concepts as watermarkers of plastics for sustainable waste management in progressing circular economy. Environmental Research, 2022. 213: p. 113631.
  131. Wu, C., et al., Preparation of a low-carbon plant-compatible ecological concrete with fertilizer self-release characteristics based on multi-solid waste co-recycling and its environmental impact. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023. 76: p. 107268.
  132. Gibovic, D. and A. Bikfalvi, Incentives for plastic recycling: How to engage citizens in active collection. Empirical evidence from Spain. Recycling, 2021. 6(2): p. 29.
  133. Sathishkumar, T., S. Satheeshkumar, and J. Naveen, Glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites–a review. Journal of reinforced plastics and composites, 2014. 33(13): p. 1258-1275.
  134. Revelli, V., et al., Evaluating the impact of variability in the source of waste polyethylene on the design of plastic modified asphalt mixtures. Construction and Building Materials, 2024. 442: p. 137639.
  135. Barbhuiya, S., et al., Decarbonising cement and concrete production: Strategies, challenges and pathways for sustainable development. Journal of Building Engineering, 2024: p. 108861.
  136. van der Spek, M., et al., Perspective on the hydrogen economy as a pathway to reach net-zero CO 2 emissions in Europe. Energy & Environmental Science, 2022. 15(3): p. 1034-1077.
  137. Moghayedi, A., et al., Revolutionizing affordable housing in Africa: A comprehensive technical and sustainability study of 3D-printing technology. Sustainable Cities and Society, 2024. 105: p. 105329.
  138. Amjad, H., F. Ahmad, and M.I. Qureshi, Enhanced mechanical and durability resilience of plastic aggregate concrete modified with nano-iron oxide and sisal fiber reinforcement. Construction and Building Materials, 2023. 401: p. 132911.
  139. Al-Ansari, M.S., Cost of reinforced concrete paraboloid shell footing. Int. J. Struct. Analys. Des, 2013. 1: p. 111-119.
  140. Xiao, S., et al., An overview of China’s recyclable waste recycling and recommendations for integrated solutions. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2018. 134: p. 112-120.
  141. Bertino, G., et al., Fundamentals of building deconstruction as a circular economy strategy for the reuse of construction materials. Applied sciences, 2021. 11(3): p. 939.
  142. Nodehi, M. and V.M. Taghvaee, Applying circular economy to construction industry through use of waste materials: a review of supplementary cementitious materials, plastics, and ceramics. Circular Economy and Sustainability, 2022. 2(3): p. 987-1020.
  143. Al-Salem, S., P. Lettieri, and J. Baeyens, Recycling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste (PSW): A review. Waste management, 2009. 29(10): p. 2625-2643.
  144. Purchase, C.K., et al., Circular economy of construction and demolition waste: A literature review on lessons, challenges, and benefits. Materials, 2021. 15(1): p. 76.
  145. González, M.D., et al., The design and development of recycled concretes in a circul`ar economy using mixed construction and demolition waste. Materials, 2021. 14(16): p. 4762.